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| = Links to useful Linux things =
| | A place to get started to understand Linux commands and tools |
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| - [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Common_Commands_with_examples Common Commands ]
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Common_Commands_with_examples Common Commands ] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SSH_Stuff SSH Stuff] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Create_monitor_and_terminate_process Create, monitor and terminate process] |
| = SSH Stuff =
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SystemD_Stuff SystemD Stuff] |
| == ssh - Secure Shell for remote system access ==
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Desktop_environment Desktop Environment] |
| ssh is used to securely log into remote systems, execute commands on remote machines, and create encrypted tunnels for various network services.
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Directory_Manipulation_and_Management Directory Manipulation and Management] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Perform_basic_file_management Perform basic file management] |
| Examples:
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Hard_and_symbolic_links_Weight Hard and symbolic links Weight] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=File_placement_and_search File placement and search] |
| *ssh user@example.com: Connect to example.com as "user"
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Process_text_stream_with_filters Process text stream with filters] |
| *ssh -p 2222 user@example.com: Connect using a non-standard port (2222) | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Use_streams,_pipes_and_redirects Use streams, pipes and redirects] |
| *ssh -i ~/.ssh/my_key user@example.com: Use a specific private key for authentication
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Search_text_files_using_regular_expressions Search text files using regular expressions] |
| *ssh user@example.com 'ls -l /tmp': Execute a command on the remote system without entering interactive mode
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Perform_basic_file_edits_using_an_editor Perform basic file edits using an editor] |
| *ssh -X user@example.com: Enable X11 forwarding for GUI applications
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Repository_and_Package_Management Repository and Package Management] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Debian_package_management Debian package management] |
| == scp - Secure Copy for file transfer == | | * [[Linux_Kernel|The Linux Kernel]] |
| scp uses SSH to securely copy files between local and remote systems or between two remote systems.
| | * [[Init_Systems|Explaining Init Systems]] |
| | | * [[Linux_Virtual_Machines|Linux Virtual Machines]] |
| Examples:
| | * [[Mmdebstrap|mmdebstrap]] |
| | |
| *scp file.txt user@example.com:/home/user/: Copy a local file to a remote system | |
| *scp user@example.com:/home/user/file.txt .: Copy a remote file to the local system
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| *scp -r directory/ user@example.com:/home/user/: Recursively copy a directory to a remote system | |
| *scp -P 2222 file.txt user@example.com:/home/user/: Use a non-standard SSH port
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| *scp user1@host1:/file user2@host2:/directory/: Copy a file from one remote host to another | |
| | |
| == ssh-keygen - Generate SSH key pairs ==
| |
| ssh-keygen creates public/private key pairs for SSH authentication, offering a more secure alternative to password-based logins.
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| Examples:
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| *ssh-keygen -t rsa: Generate an RSA key pair
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| *ssh-keygen -t ed25519: Generate an Ed25519 key pair (more secure and efficient)
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| *ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096: Generate an RSA key with 4096-bit strength | |
| *ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/my_key: Specify a custom filename and path for the key
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| *ssh-keygen -p -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa: Change the passphrase of an existing private key
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| == ssh-copy-id - Install SSH key on a remote server == | |
| ssh-copy-id securely copies your public key to a remote server's authorized_keys file, enabling key-based authentication.
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| Examples:
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| * ssh-copy-id user@example.com: Copy the default public key to the remote server | |
| * ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/my_key.pub user@example.com: Specify a particular public key to copy
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| * ssh-copy-id -p 2222 user@example.com: Use a non-standard SSH port
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| == ssh-agent - Manage SSH keys == | |
| ssh-agent is a program that holds private keys used for public key authentication, allowing you to use SSH without re-entering your passphrase.
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| Examples:
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| *eval $(ssh-agent): Start the SSH agent | |
| *ssh-add: Add the default private key to the agent
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| *ssh-add ~/.ssh/my_key: Add a specific private key to the agent
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| *ssh-add -l: List fingerprints of all identities currently represented by the agent
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| *ssh-add -D: Delete all identities from the agent
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| == sftp - Secure File Transfer Protocol ==
| |
| sftp provides an interactive file transfer session with an interface similar to FTP but using SSH for security.
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| Examples:
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| *sftp user@example.com: Start an SFTP session
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| *sftp> get remote_file: Download a file from the remote system
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| *sftp> put local_file: Upload a file to the remote system
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| *sftp> ls: List directory contents on the remote system
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| *sftp> !ls: Execute a local command (list local directory contents)
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| | |
| = systemd = | |
| == systemctl - Control the systemd system and service manager ==
| |
| systemctl is the primary command-line tool for interacting with systemd, the init system and service manager for modern Linux distributions. It allows users to manage system services, check their status, and control various aspects of the system.
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| Examples:
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| *systemctl start apache2.service: Start the Apache web server service | |
| *systemctl stop mysql.service: Stop the MySQL database service
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| *systemctl restart sshd.service: Restart the SSH daemon
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| *systemctl status nginx.service: Check the status of the Nginx web server
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| *systemctl enable cups.service: Enable the CUPS printing service to start at boot
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| *systemctl disable bluetooth.service: Prevent the Bluetooth service from starting at boot
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| *systemctl reload systemd-journald.service: Reload the systemd journal service configuration
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| *systemctl list-units --type=service: List all active service units
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| *systemctl is-active postgresql.service: Check if the PostgreSQL service is currently running
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| *systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service: Check if the firewall service is set to start at boot
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| *systemctl daemon-reload: Reload systemd manager configuration after modifying unit files
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| *systemctl list-dependencies apache2.service: Show dependencies of the Apache service
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| *systemctl set-default multi-user.target: Change the default system target (runlevel)
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| *systemctl poweroff: Shut down the system
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| *systemctl reboot: Restart the system
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| = Create, monitor and terminate process =
| |
| == & - Run a command in the background ==
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| The & symbol is used to run a command or script in the background, allowing you to continue using the terminal.
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| Examples:
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| *long_running_script.sh &: Run the script in the background
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| *sleep 60 &: Run the sleep command for 60 seconds in the background
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| *nohup command &: Run a command in the background, immune to hangups
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| == bg - Resume suspended jobs in the background ==
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| bg resumes execution of a suspended job in the background.
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| Examples:
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| *bg %1: Resume the first suspended job in the background
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| *bg %vim: Resume the suspended vim job in the background
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| *bg: Resume the most recently suspended job in the background
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| == fg - Bring background jobs to the foreground ==
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| fg brings a background job into the foreground, allowing direct interaction.
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| Examples:
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| *fg %2: Bring the second background job to the foreground
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| *fg %emacs: Bring the background emacs job to the foreground
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| *fg: Bring the most recent background job to the foreground
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| == jobs - Display status of jobs in the current session ==
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| jobs lists the active jobs in the current shell session.
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| Examples:
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| *jobs: List all jobs
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| *jobs -l: List jobs with process IDs
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| *jobs -p: List only process IDs of the active jobs | |
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| == nohup - Run a command immune to hangups ==
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| nohup allows a command to continue running after the user logs out.
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| Examples:
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| *nohup long_running_script.sh &: Run a script that continues after logout
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| *nohup command > output.log 2>&1 &: Run a command, redirecting output and errors
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| *nohup python script.py &: Run a Python script that persists after terminal closure
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| == screen - Terminal multiplexer == | |
| screen creates a virtual terminal that can be detached and reattached, allowing sessions to persist.
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| Examples:
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| *screen: Start a new screen session
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| *screen -S session_name: Start a named screen session
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| *screen -r: Reattach to a detached screen session
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| *screen -list: List available screen sessions
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| == tmux - Terminal multiplexer ==
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| tmux, like screen, allows for persistent terminal sessions and window management.
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| Examples:
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| *tmux: Start a new tmux session | |
| *tmux new -s session_name: Create a named tmux session
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| *tmux attach -t session_name: Attach to an existing session
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| *tmux ls: List active tmux sessions
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| == top - Display and update sorted information about processes ==
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| top provides a dynamic real-time view of running system processes.
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| Examples:
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| *top: Display system processes, updating every 3 seconds
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| *top -u username: Show processes for a specific user
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| *top -p 1234,5678: Monitor specific processes by PID
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| == ps - Report a snapshot of current processes ==
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| ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.
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| Examples:
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| *ps aux: Display detailed information about all processes
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| *ps -ef: Show all processes in full format
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| *ps --sort=-%cpu: List processes sorted by CPU usage (descending)
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| == pstree - Display a tree of processes ==
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| pstree shows the running processes as a tree, which is helpful for understanding process relationships.
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| Examples:
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| *pstree: Display process tree
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| *pstree -p: Show process IDs along with the tree
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| *pstree -u: Show user names for each process
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| == uptime - Show how long the system has been running ==
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| uptime displays the current time, system uptime, number of users, and load average.
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| Examples:
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| *uptime: Display system uptime and load | |
| *uptime -p: Show uptime in a pretty format
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| *uptime -s: Display the system up since time
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| == pgrep - Look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes ==
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| pgrep looks through the currently running processes and lists the process IDs which match the selection criteria.
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| Examples:
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| *pgrep firefox: List PIDs of firefox processes
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| *pgrep -u root: List PIDs of processes owned by root
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| *pgrep -l sshd: List PIDs and names of sshd processes
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| == kill - Send a signal to a process ==
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| kill sends a signal to a process, by default the TERM signal to request termination.
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| Examples:
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| *kill 1234: Send SIGTERM to process with PID 1234
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| *kill -9 5678: Send SIGKILL to forcefully terminate process 5678
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| *kill -l: List available signals
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| == pkill - Signal processes based on name and other attributes ==
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| pkill looks up processes based on name and other attributes and sends them a signal.
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| Examples:
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| *pkill firefox: Send SIGTERM to all firefox processes
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| *pkill -9 httpd: Send SIGKILL to all httpd processes
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| *pkill -u username: Terminate all processes owned by username
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| == killall - Kill processes by name ==
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| killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands.
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| Examples:
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| *killall nginx: Terminate all processes named nginx | |
| *killall -9 apache2: Forcefully kill all apache2 processes
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| *killall -u username bash: Kill all bash processes for a specific user
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| = Desktop environment =
| |
| == startx - Start the X Window System ==
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| startx is a script that initializes the X Window System session. It sets up the environment and launches the X server along with initial clients.
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| Examples:
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| *startx: Start the X session with default settings
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| *startx -- :1: Start X on display :1
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| *startx ~/.xinitrc: Use a custom initialization script
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| == X server - Core component of the X Window System ==
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| The X server manages the display, keyboard, and mouse, handling rendering and input for client applications.
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| Examples:
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| *Xorg: The most common X server implementation | |
| *Xvfb: X virtual framebuffer, a display server without a physical display
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| *Xnest: Nested X server, allowing an X session within another X session
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| == X client - Application that uses the X protocol ==
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| X clients are programs that use the X protocol to display their graphical user interface.
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| Examples:
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| *xterm: Terminal emulator for X
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| *xclock: Simple clock application
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| *xeyes: Demo program showing eyes that follow the mouse cursor
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| == Display Manager - Graphical login manager ==
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| A display manager provides a graphical login interface and starts the X session after user authentication.
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| Examples:
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| *gdm: GNOME Display Manager
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| *lightdm: Lightweight Display Manager
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| *sddm: Simple Desktop Display Manager
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| == Window Manager - Controls window placement and appearance ==
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| The window manager handles the positioning, resizing, and decorations of windows within the X environment.
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| Examples:
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| *i3: Tiling window manager
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| *openbox: Lightweight stacking window manager
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| *awesome: Highly configurable window manager
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| == X Window System - Network-transparent windowing system == | |
| The X Window System is a complete architecture for creating graphical user interfaces on Unix-like operating systems.
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| Examples:
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| *X11: The current version of the X Window System protocol
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| *Xlib: C library for X Window System client-side programming
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| *XCB: C library for X protocol connections
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| == Integrated Desktop Environment - Complete graphical user interface ==
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| An integrated desktop environment provides a consistent user interface, including window management, file management, and system settings.
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| Examples:
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| *GNOME: Popular desktop environment with a focus on simplicity | |
| *KDE Plasma: Feature-rich desktop environment
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| *Xfce: Lightweight desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems
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| == xauth - X authority file utility ==
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| xauth is used to edit and display the authorization information used in connecting to the X server.
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| Examples:
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| *xauth list: Display the list of authority entries
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| *xauth add :0 . $(mcookie): Add a new authority entry for display :0
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| *xauth extract - $DISPLAY | ssh remote_host xauth merge -: Transfer X authority to a remote host
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| == DISPLAY - Environment variable for X display ==
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| The DISPLAY environment variable tells X clients which display and screen to use. | |
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| Examples:
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| *export DISPLAY=:0: Set the display to the first local X server | |
| *echo $DISPLAY: Print the current DISPLAY value | |
| *DISPLAY=:1 xterm: Run xterm on display :1 | |
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| == Terminal program - Text-based interface for interacting with the system ==
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| Terminal programs provide a command-line interface within the X environment.
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| Examples:
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| *xterm: Standard terminal emulator for X
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| *gnome-terminal: GNOME's terminal emulator
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| *konsole: KDE's terminal emulator
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