|
|
| (32 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| = Links to useful Linux things =
| | A place to get started to understand Linux commands and tools |
|
| |
|
| - [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Common_Commands_with_examples Common Commands ]
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Common_Commands_with_examples Common Commands ] |
| - https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SSH_Stuff
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SSH_Stuff SSH Stuff] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Create_monitor_and_terminate_process Create, monitor and terminate process] |
| = SSH Stuff =
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SystemD_Stuff SystemD Stuff] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Desktop_environment Desktop Environment] |
| = systemd =
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Directory_Manipulation_and_Management Directory Manipulation and Management] |
| = Create, monitor and terminate process = | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Perform_basic_file_management Perform basic file management] |
| == & - Run a command in the background ==
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Hard_and_symbolic_links_Weight Hard and symbolic links Weight] |
| The & symbol is used to run a command or script in the background, allowing you to continue using the terminal.
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=File_placement_and_search File placement and search] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Process_text_stream_with_filters Process text stream with filters] |
| Examples:
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Use_streams,_pipes_and_redirects Use streams, pipes and redirects] |
| *long_running_script.sh &: Run the script in the background
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Search_text_files_using_regular_expressions Search text files using regular expressions] |
| *sleep 60 &: Run the sleep command for 60 seconds in the background | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Perform_basic_file_edits_using_an_editor Perform basic file edits using an editor] |
| *nohup command &: Run a command in the background, immune to hangups
| | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Repository_and_Package_Management Repository and Package Management] |
| | | * [https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Debian_package_management Debian package management] |
| == bg - Resume suspended jobs in the background ==
| | * [[Linux_Kernel|The Linux Kernel]] |
| bg resumes execution of a suspended job in the background.
| | * [[Init_Systems|Explaining Init Systems]] |
| | | * [[Linux_Virtual_Machines|Linux Virtual Machines]] |
| Examples:
| | * [[Mmdebstrap|mmdebstrap]] |
| *bg %1: Resume the first suspended job in the background
| |
| *bg %vim: Resume the suspended vim job in the background
| |
| *bg: Resume the most recently suspended job in the background
| |
| | |
| == fg - Bring background jobs to the foreground ==
| |
| fg brings a background job into the foreground, allowing direct interaction.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *fg %2: Bring the second background job to the foreground
| |
| *fg %emacs: Bring the background emacs job to the foreground
| |
| *fg: Bring the most recent background job to the foreground
| |
| | |
| == jobs - Display status of jobs in the current session == | |
| jobs lists the active jobs in the current shell session.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *jobs: List all jobs | |
| *jobs -l: List jobs with process IDs
| |
| *jobs -p: List only process IDs of the active jobs
| |
| | |
| == nohup - Run a command immune to hangups ==
| |
| nohup allows a command to continue running after the user logs out.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *nohup long_running_script.sh &: Run a script that continues after logout
| |
| *nohup command > output.log 2>&1 &: Run a command, redirecting output and errors
| |
| *nohup python script.py &: Run a Python script that persists after terminal closure | |
| | |
| == screen - Terminal multiplexer ==
| |
| screen creates a virtual terminal that can be detached and reattached, allowing sessions to persist.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *screen: Start a new screen session
| |
| *screen -S session_name: Start a named screen session
| |
| *screen -r: Reattach to a detached screen session
| |
| *screen -list: List available screen sessions
| |
| | |
| == tmux - Terminal multiplexer == | |
| tmux, like screen, allows for persistent terminal sessions and window management.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *tmux: Start a new tmux session | |
| *tmux new -s session_name: Create a named tmux session
| |
| *tmux attach -t session_name: Attach to an existing session
| |
| *tmux ls: List active tmux sessions
| |
| | |
| == top - Display and update sorted information about processes ==
| |
| top provides a dynamic real-time view of running system processes.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *top: Display system processes, updating every 3 seconds
| |
| *top -u username: Show processes for a specific user
| |
| *top -p 1234,5678: Monitor specific processes by PID
| |
| | |
| == ps - Report a snapshot of current processes ==
| |
| ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *ps aux: Display detailed information about all processes
| |
| *ps -ef: Show all processes in full format
| |
| *ps --sort=-%cpu: List processes sorted by CPU usage (descending)
| |
| | |
| == pstree - Display a tree of processes ==
| |
| | |
| pstree shows the running processes as a tree, which is helpful for understanding process relationships.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *pstree: Display process tree
| |
| *pstree -p: Show process IDs along with the tree
| |
| *pstree -u: Show user names for each process
| |
| | |
| == uptime - Show how long the system has been running ==
| |
| uptime displays the current time, system uptime, number of users, and load average.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *uptime: Display system uptime and load | |
| *uptime -p: Show uptime in a pretty format
| |
| *uptime -s: Display the system up since time
| |
| | |
| == pgrep - Look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes ==
| |
| pgrep looks through the currently running processes and lists the process IDs which match the selection criteria.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *pgrep firefox: List PIDs of firefox processes
| |
| *pgrep -u root: List PIDs of processes owned by root
| |
| *pgrep -l sshd: List PIDs and names of sshd processes
| |
| | |
| == kill - Send a signal to a process ==
| |
| kill sends a signal to a process, by default the TERM signal to request termination.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *kill 1234: Send SIGTERM to process with PID 1234
| |
| *kill -9 5678: Send SIGKILL to forcefully terminate process 5678
| |
| *kill -l: List available signals
| |
| | |
| == pkill - Signal processes based on name and other attributes == | |
| pkill looks up processes based on name and other attributes and sends them a signal.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *pkill firefox: Send SIGTERM to all firefox processes | |
| *pkill -9 httpd: Send SIGKILL to all httpd processes
| |
| *pkill -u username: Terminate all processes owned by username
| |
| | |
| == killall - Kill processes by name ==
| |
| killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *killall nginx: Terminate all processes named nginx
| |
| *killall -9 apache2: Forcefully kill all apache2 processes
| |
| *killall -u username bash: Kill all bash processes for a specific user
| |
| | |
| = Desktop environment =
| |
| == startx - Start the X Window System ==
| |
| startx is a script that initializes the X Window System session. It sets up the environment and launches the X server along with initial clients.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *startx: Start the X session with default settings
| |
| *startx -- :1: Start X on display :1 | |
| *startx ~/.xinitrc: Use a custom initialization script
| |
| | |
| == X server - Core component of the X Window System ==
| |
| The X server manages the display, keyboard, and mouse, handling rendering and input for client applications.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *Xorg: The most common X server implementation | |
| *Xvfb: X virtual framebuffer, a display server without a physical display
| |
| *Xnest: Nested X server, allowing an X session within another X session
| |
| | |
| == X client - Application that uses the X protocol ==
| |
| X clients are programs that use the X protocol to display their graphical user interface.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *xterm: Terminal emulator for X | |
| *xclock: Simple clock application
| |
| *xeyes: Demo program showing eyes that follow the mouse cursor
| |
| | |
| == Display Manager - Graphical login manager ==
| |
| A display manager provides a graphical login interface and starts the X session after user authentication.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *gdm: GNOME Display Manager
| |
| *lightdm: Lightweight Display Manager
| |
| *sddm: Simple Desktop Display Manager
| |
| | |
| == Window Manager - Controls window placement and appearance ==
| |
| The window manager handles the positioning, resizing, and decorations of windows within the X environment.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *i3: Tiling window manager
| |
| *openbox: Lightweight stacking window manager
| |
| *awesome: Highly configurable window manager
| |
| | |
| == X Window System - Network-transparent windowing system ==
| |
| The X Window System is a complete architecture for creating graphical user interfaces on Unix-like operating systems.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *X11: The current version of the X Window System protocol
| |
| *Xlib: C library for X Window System client-side programming
| |
| *XCB: C library for X protocol connections
| |
| | |
| == Integrated Desktop Environment - Complete graphical user interface == | |
| An integrated desktop environment provides a consistent user interface, including window management, file management, and system settings.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *GNOME: Popular desktop environment with a focus on simplicity | |
| *KDE Plasma: Feature-rich desktop environment
| |
| *Xfce: Lightweight desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems
| |
| | |
| == xauth - X authority file utility ==
| |
| | |
| xauth is used to edit and display the authorization information used in connecting to the X server.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *xauth list: Display the list of authority entries | |
| *xauth add :0 . $(mcookie): Add a new authority entry for display :0
| |
| *xauth extract - $DISPLAY | ssh remote_host xauth merge -: Transfer X authority to a remote host | |
| | |
| == DISPLAY - Environment variable for X display ==
| |
| The DISPLAY environment variable tells X clients which display and screen to use. | |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *export DISPLAY=:0: Set the display to the first local X server | |
| *echo $DISPLAY: Print the current DISPLAY value | |
| *DISPLAY=:1 xterm: Run xterm on display :1 | |
| | |
| == Terminal program - Text-based interface for interacting with the system ==
| |
| Terminal programs provide a command-line interface within the X environment.
| |
| | |
| Examples:
| |
| *xterm: Standard terminal emulator for X
| |
| *gnome-terminal: GNOME's terminal emulator
| |
| *konsole: KDE's terminal emulator
| |
