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| = systemd = | | = systemd = |
| https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SystemD_Stuff | | https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SystemD_Stuff |
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| = Create, monitor and terminate process =
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| == & - Run a command in the background ==
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| The & symbol is used to run a command or script in the background, allowing you to continue using the terminal.
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| Examples:
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| *long_running_script.sh &: Run the script in the background
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| *sleep 60 &: Run the sleep command for 60 seconds in the background
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| *nohup command &: Run a command in the background, immune to hangups
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| == bg - Resume suspended jobs in the background ==
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| bg resumes execution of a suspended job in the background.
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| Examples:
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| *bg %1: Resume the first suspended job in the background
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| *bg %vim: Resume the suspended vim job in the background
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| *bg: Resume the most recently suspended job in the background
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| == fg - Bring background jobs to the foreground ==
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| fg brings a background job into the foreground, allowing direct interaction.
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| Examples:
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| *fg %2: Bring the second background job to the foreground
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| *fg %emacs: Bring the background emacs job to the foreground
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| *fg: Bring the most recent background job to the foreground
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| == jobs - Display status of jobs in the current session ==
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| jobs lists the active jobs in the current shell session.
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| Examples:
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| *jobs: List all jobs
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| *jobs -l: List jobs with process IDs
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| *jobs -p: List only process IDs of the active jobs
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| == nohup - Run a command immune to hangups ==
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| nohup allows a command to continue running after the user logs out.
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| Examples:
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| *nohup long_running_script.sh &: Run a script that continues after logout
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| *nohup command > output.log 2>&1 &: Run a command, redirecting output and errors
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| *nohup python script.py &: Run a Python script that persists after terminal closure
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| == screen - Terminal multiplexer ==
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| screen creates a virtual terminal that can be detached and reattached, allowing sessions to persist.
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| Examples:
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| *screen: Start a new screen session
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| *screen -S session_name: Start a named screen session
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| *screen -r: Reattach to a detached screen session
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| *screen -list: List available screen sessions
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| == tmux - Terminal multiplexer ==
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| tmux, like screen, allows for persistent terminal sessions and window management.
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| Examples:
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| *tmux: Start a new tmux session
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| *tmux new -s session_name: Create a named tmux session
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| *tmux attach -t session_name: Attach to an existing session
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| *tmux ls: List active tmux sessions
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| == top - Display and update sorted information about processes ==
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| top provides a dynamic real-time view of running system processes.
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| Examples:
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| *top: Display system processes, updating every 3 seconds
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| *top -u username: Show processes for a specific user
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| *top -p 1234,5678: Monitor specific processes by PID
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| == ps - Report a snapshot of current processes ==
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| ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.
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| Examples:
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| *ps aux: Display detailed information about all processes
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| *ps -ef: Show all processes in full format
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| *ps --sort=-%cpu: List processes sorted by CPU usage (descending)
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| == pstree - Display a tree of processes ==
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| pstree shows the running processes as a tree, which is helpful for understanding process relationships.
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| Examples:
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| *pstree: Display process tree
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| *pstree -p: Show process IDs along with the tree
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| *pstree -u: Show user names for each process
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| == uptime - Show how long the system has been running ==
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| uptime displays the current time, system uptime, number of users, and load average.
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| Examples:
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| *uptime: Display system uptime and load
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| *uptime -p: Show uptime in a pretty format
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| *uptime -s: Display the system up since time
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| == pgrep - Look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes ==
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| pgrep looks through the currently running processes and lists the process IDs which match the selection criteria.
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| Examples:
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| *pgrep firefox: List PIDs of firefox processes
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| *pgrep -u root: List PIDs of processes owned by root
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| *pgrep -l sshd: List PIDs and names of sshd processes
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| == kill - Send a signal to a process ==
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| kill sends a signal to a process, by default the TERM signal to request termination.
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| Examples:
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| *kill 1234: Send SIGTERM to process with PID 1234
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| *kill -9 5678: Send SIGKILL to forcefully terminate process 5678
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| *kill -l: List available signals
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| == pkill - Signal processes based on name and other attributes ==
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| pkill looks up processes based on name and other attributes and sends them a signal.
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| Examples:
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| *pkill firefox: Send SIGTERM to all firefox processes
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| *pkill -9 httpd: Send SIGKILL to all httpd processes
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| *pkill -u username: Terminate all processes owned by username
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| == killall - Kill processes by name ==
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| killall sends a signal to all processes running any of the specified commands.
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| Examples:
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| *killall nginx: Terminate all processes named nginx
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| *killall -9 apache2: Forcefully kill all apache2 processes
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| *killall -u username bash: Kill all bash processes for a specific user
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| = Desktop environment = | | = Desktop environment = |
Links to useful Linux things
- Common Commands
- https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SSH_Stuff
SSH Stuff
systemd
https://matomo.mintarc.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=SystemD_Stuff
Desktop environment
startx - Start the X Window System
startx is a script that initializes the X Window System session. It sets up the environment and launches the X server along with initial clients.
Examples:
- startx: Start the X session with default settings
- startx -- :1: Start X on display :1
- startx ~/.xinitrc: Use a custom initialization script
X server - Core component of the X Window System
The X server manages the display, keyboard, and mouse, handling rendering and input for client applications.
Examples:
- Xorg: The most common X server implementation
- Xvfb: X virtual framebuffer, a display server without a physical display
- Xnest: Nested X server, allowing an X session within another X session
X client - Application that uses the X protocol
X clients are programs that use the X protocol to display their graphical user interface.
Examples:
- xterm: Terminal emulator for X
- xclock: Simple clock application
- xeyes: Demo program showing eyes that follow the mouse cursor
Display Manager - Graphical login manager
A display manager provides a graphical login interface and starts the X session after user authentication.
Examples:
- gdm: GNOME Display Manager
- lightdm: Lightweight Display Manager
- sddm: Simple Desktop Display Manager
Window Manager - Controls window placement and appearance
The window manager handles the positioning, resizing, and decorations of windows within the X environment.
Examples:
- i3: Tiling window manager
- openbox: Lightweight stacking window manager
- awesome: Highly configurable window manager
X Window System - Network-transparent windowing system
The X Window System is a complete architecture for creating graphical user interfaces on Unix-like operating systems.
Examples:
- X11: The current version of the X Window System protocol
- Xlib: C library for X Window System client-side programming
- XCB: C library for X protocol connections
Integrated Desktop Environment - Complete graphical user interface
An integrated desktop environment provides a consistent user interface, including window management, file management, and system settings.
Examples:
- GNOME: Popular desktop environment with a focus on simplicity
- KDE Plasma: Feature-rich desktop environment
- Xfce: Lightweight desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems
xauth - X authority file utility
xauth is used to edit and display the authorization information used in connecting to the X server.
Examples:
- xauth list: Display the list of authority entries
- xauth add :0 . $(mcookie): Add a new authority entry for display :0
- xauth extract - $DISPLAY | ssh remote_host xauth merge -: Transfer X authority to a remote host
DISPLAY - Environment variable for X display
The DISPLAY environment variable tells X clients which display and screen to use.
Examples:
- export DISPLAY=:0: Set the display to the first local X server
- echo $DISPLAY: Print the current DISPLAY value
- DISPLAY=:1 xterm: Run xterm on display :1
Terminal program - Text-based interface for interacting with the system
Terminal programs provide a command-line interface within the X environment.
Examples:
- xterm: Standard terminal emulator for X
- gnome-terminal: GNOME's terminal emulator
- konsole: KDE's terminal emulator
